GENERAL SURGERY :

An appendectomy is the surgical removal of the appendix, a small pouch attached to the large intestine, performed to treat appendicitis (infection/inflammation). It is a common emergency procedure to prevent the appendix from bursting, which can cause life-threatening infection. Surgery is done under general anaesthesia, typically using either minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques or traditional open surgery.

Hernia repair surgery is a common, often outpatient procedure used to push protruding tissue or organs back into place and strengthen the weakened abdominal wall, usually using a mesh patch. It is performed via open surgery (one large incision) or laparoscopic/robotic (keyhole) surgery (small, precise incisions). It is commonly used for groin (inguinal) and umbilical hernias.

Bowel resection is a surgical procedure to remove a damaged, diseased, or blocked section of the small or large intestine (colon). Surgeons remove the affected segment and join the healthy ends together (anastomosis) or create a stoma for waste. It is used to treat cancer, Crohn’s disease, diverticulitis, or severe blockages, and can be performed via open surgery or minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques.

A mastectomy is a surgical procedure to remove all breast tissue, usually performed to treat or prevent breast cancer in women and men. It may involve removing one breast (unilateral), both (bilateral), or nearby lymph nodes. The surgery is performed under general anaesthesia, taking about 1.5–3 hours, with options for immediate or delayed reconstruction.

A lumpectomy is a breast-conserving surgery, also known as a partial mastectomy or wide local excision, that removes a cancerous tumour along with a small margin of surrounding healthy tissue. It is designed to treat early-stage breast cancer while keeping most of the breast intact.

Adhesiolysis is a surgical procedure, often performed via laparoscopy (keyhole surgery), to cut, break down, or remove internal scar tissue known as adhesions. These fibrous bands typically form after previous surgeries, infections, or inflammation, causing organs to stick together, which leads to pain, infertility, or bowel obstructions.

A splenectomy is the surgical removal of the spleen, performed via laparoscopy (keyhole) or open surgery under general anaesthesia to treat trauma, enlarged spleen, or blood disorders. Laparoscopic removal uses small incisions, cameras, and, often, gas to inflate the abdomen for better access, allowing for faster recovery. The procedure lasts 1–2 hours, with potential risks including infection or bleeding.

A thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure to remove all (total) or part (partial/subtotal) of the butterfly-shaped thyroid gland located in the neck. It is commonly used to treat thyroid cancer, large noncancerous growths (goitres), or an overactive thyroid (Graves’ disease). The procedure is performed under general anaesthesia, typically leaving a small scar in a lower neck skin crease.

A parathyroidectomy is a surgical procedure to remove one or more of the four tiny parathyroid glands in the neck, typically performed to treat hyperparathyroidism (overactive glands). By removing diseased glands that produce excess parathyroid hormone (PTH), the surgery restores normal calcium levels, preventing complications like kidney stones, bone density loss, and cardiovascular issues.

Excision of skin lesions and masses is a common, often outpatient surgical procedure used to completely remove abnormal skin growths, such as moles, cysts, lipomas (fatty lumps), or suspected skin cancers. It involves using a surgical blade (scalpel) to cut out the entire lesion, along with a small margin of healthy surrounding skin, to ensure the growth is fully removed.

An abscess drainage procedure, often called Incision and Drainage (I&D), is a common, usually minor, surgical procedure to release pus from a localized infection. It involves numbing the area with a local anaesthetic, making a small incision, draining the pus, and cleaning the cavity. For deep abscesses, imaging (CT or ultrasound) may guide a needle or drainage catheter insertion.

A haemorrhoidectomy is a surgical procedure to remove severe or persistent internal or external haemorrhoids (swollen veins in the anus) when non-surgical treatments have failed. Performed under general or local anaesthesia, the surgeon cuts out the tissue, often leaving wounds to heal on their own or closing them with sutures.

Wound debridement surgery is a medical procedure to remove dead (necrotic), damaged, or infected tissue and foreign debris from a wound, facilitating faster healing and reducing infection risk. It transforms chronic or stalled wounds into a clean, healthy bed, allowing new, healthy tissue to grow.

Gastric sleeve surgery (sleeve gastrectomy) is a permanent, laparoscopic weight-loss procedure that removes approximately 75-80% of the stomach, leaving a banana-shaped tube. It restricts food intake and reduces hunger hormones (ghrelin), leading to significant weight loss and improvement in obesity-related conditions like diabetes.

Bariatric revision surgery is a follow-up procedure performed on patients who have previously undergone weight-loss surgery (e.g., gastric band, sleeve, or bypass) but are experiencing complications, insufficient weight loss, or weight regain. These surgeries, often performed laparoscopically or endoscopically, aim to correct, modify, or reverse the initial procedure to improve results or alleviate side effects.

Gastric bypass surgery (specifically Roux-en-Y) is a common weight-loss procedure that creates a small stomach pouch, limiting food intake, and connects it directly to the small intestine, reducing calorie absorption. Often performed laparoscopically, it helps patients lose 66–75% of excess weight, often reversing obesity-related conditions like type 2 diabetes.

Bariatric metabolic surgery comprises minimally invasive procedures (sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass) that modify the digestive system to treat severe obesity and related metabolic diseases like Type 2 diabetes. By restricting food intake and altering gut hormones, these surgeries promote significant weight loss, improve metabolic health.